Do you believe that equity fund managers with a good knowledge of Essay

Do you believe that equity fund managers with a good knowledge of behavioural finance can consistently outperform the market on a risk-adjusted basis Give reas - Essay Example y tries to point out that as the fund managers receive information they react spontaneously and update their briefs as soon as possible and also explains that given their briefs they make choices that are normatively acceptable1. Whereas, behavioural finance as mentioned is a new phenomenon which points out areas that are more towards reality because it tries to explain investors’ or the fund managers’ decisions by application of models and tools that takes into account the irrationality of the investors; thus here, it tries to talk about what happens when fund managers do not update their briefs as quickly and also do not stay in the acceptable norms. The proponents of behavioural finance argue that use of traditional pricing or valuing techniques such as capital asset pricing models, dividend discount models, relative valuation models etc. does not always explain why the excess returns have been earned at the end of the day by the investors in the light of the efficient markets, thus suggesting that if investors were rational then these techniques would rightly project the prices and no security would have been traded excepting at their fair values. Whereas, behavioural finance attempts to points out the anomalies in the fair values and the decisions that fund managers make in the market. The flawed or the irrational human behaviour is a victim to the phenomena like herd mentality, contagion effect, loss aversion, extrapolation, hindsight bias and illusions of control2. Here emotional factors and intuition to a large extent are the decisive factors in trading. Some of the most likely occurrences that can lead to fund managers deviate from making rational decisions in the market include importance of playing safe compared to earning high risk significant gains and also following the herd versus relying on self. Fund managers when offered a sure shot amount compared to something that is doubtful are more likely to accept the sure amount and forego any larger

Learning Styles Essay Example for Free

Learning Styles Essay A learning style is basically the preference or predisposition of an individual to perceive and process information in a particular way or combination of ways. (Lynne Celli Sarasin, 2006) There are eight intelligences and an individual has one or more strengths in one of those intelligences. As we have learned from the readings, there are multiple ways to understand how an individual learns. There are three primary senses that are involved in learning: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. Howard Gardner, for example, suggested that some students learn through their bodies (kinesthetic), others through music and rhythms (auditory), and many others through hand-outs and presentations (visual). Students have been learning in many different ways since ancient times. Teachers of Hinduism, Confucianism, Judaism, and Christianity all evaluated their students’ personalities, with an eye as to how to best teach them. (John D. Mayer, Ph. D. ) I have examined multiple websites on how Hinduism considers opinions of personality. For example, Hindu thought suggests that the wise person judges others with detachment and peace; as apposed to over-involvement, annoyance, or condescension. (John D. Mayer Ph. D. ) In Hinduism, the role of the yogi, or teacher, are to assist those, who sought enlightenment to learn about their essential atman (real inner self). (John D Mayer, Ph. D. ) Accomplished Hindu teachers distinguish among different types of students so as to provide each student with practices that will best guide him or her on the path to enlightenment. (John D. Mayer, Ph. D. ) As I further read into the article posted by John D. Mayer, he wrote about how there are three different types of students. Their way of learning is completely different from the way we learn here and what we learn about. I could use my primary sensory preference to increase my awareness and practice in Hinduism by watching videos and hearing lectures about their way of learning. (Due to the fact that I am a auditory and kinesthetic learner) Once I watch videos about their way of learning I would become more informed about their way of everyday life and their learning styles.

Culture Differences Of Basic Color Terms In Translation

Culture Differences Of Basic Color Terms In Translation Vocabulary is the most active part of language. It can directly reflect the cultural developments. In a sense, vocabulary is the mirror of the culture, so is the color terms. The understanding and feelings to color terms of Chinese and English People are much alike, which underlines the possibility in cross-cultural communication as well as translatability. However the ways of thinking, beliefs, customs and habits of different cultures not only produce failures and misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication but also pose headaches to translators who are trying to produce ideal target texts. For example, color terms, the associations, symbols and implied meanings of color terms to different nations are different because of their different environments, ways of thinking, religious and beliefs. Therefore, in translation practice, the most important is to break the cultural barriers and convey the source cultural message faithfully and effectively. This paper compares and analyzes the culture of the basic color terms in English and Chinese and introduces several methods in translating color terms. This paper first introduces the notions of translation and culture, indicating the important trend in translationcultural translation. Translation has been viewed as cross-cultural communication instead of word to word translation. Then, it analyzes the differences between English and Chinese culture, and the close relationship between translating, language and culture. In the main part, the paper deals with cultural connotations of basic color terms in English and Chinese and the causes for similarities and discrepancies by citing several examples. By the contrastive study of cultural connotations of basic color terms between English and Chinese, we can know more about what is going on in peoples mind, in their language and cultural. Keywords: color terms; cultural differences. Chapter One Introduction Color terms are important parts that we get to know our world. There are many common points in knowing color terms between different cultures. Although the amounts in explaining color terms are different, words describe basic color terms such as Red, Black, Blue, Green are the same. Meanwhile, due to the differences in religions, politics and customs; color terms sometimes generate strong cultural characteristics. Color terms are an important part of vocabulary in every language system. Each country has its own color outlook and peoples color outlook is an important part of culture ones. English and Chinese have a long history in language system, they are both rich in color terms, and the same color terms usually share the same meanings. However, different geographic conditions, religions and other elements result in different cultural associations in these two languages. Misunderstanding happens from time to time and barries have been caused in communications. During the past three decades, translation is regarded as a kind of cross-cultural communication. Cross-cultural translation in this paper means to bring the same meanings of the issues form one language to another language instead of words from the forms in English to forms in Chinese. This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction of this paper. Chapter two shows the translation and culture, giving a detailed depiction of the relationship between culture and translation, and some of the major discrepancies between English and Chinese culture. Chapter three and four are the main part of this paper, some basic color terms such as Red , Black are put to improve the differences and same places between Chinese and English culture in translating. And at the end of the thesis, namely, in the last chapter, a conclusion is drawn. Chapter Two Color Terms and Culture 2.1 Color Terms Color term means the word which stand for a kind of color. This definition is easily understood, but Xiao Junshi (1982:26) once said that color terms do necessarily mean the same thing as colorful terms. Colorful English may appear as idioms or in figurative expressions, while color terms are words which simply show different colors. Like the onomatopoeic word, a color term has little merit in itself. Only when it suggests the image of the original, or fortifies the sense in the version, it has value in translation. As a part of words, color terms are used in writing to exchange information. Classification of Color Terms There are two main kinds of color terms: basic color terms and object color terms. Lu Hongmei (2006:38) defines basic color terms as words used to describe the color of objects when they appear. Basic color terms including seven kinds of colors. In Chinese, they areà ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¤Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «. In English, they are red, orange, yellow, green, blue and purple. Although basic color terms contain only a few words, they are very active. Color Terms History in English In western world, people are more rigorous, they take a scientific attitude towards the objective world and objective knowledge. The oldest theory in color terms history is Aristotles Black and White Theory, in which color is made up of brightness and saturation. At that period, all colors were thought as different degrees of mix of white and black. Black and White Theory was ended by Newton who saw seven colors of the sunlight through prism. Color Terms History in Chinese A lot of plants names are used as color terms, especially after the improving of painting. Blue comes from a kind of plant called blue, and red comes from the plant called madder. (Luo geng, P8, 2004) Many Chinese color terms come from the name of plants or minerals. Although there is no theory about the forming of color terms in Chinese history, it is possible to learn a lot of historical things which have relationships with colors. Countless color terms can be found in Chinese poems, essays and novels. The following sentences are some typical examples. à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¤Ã‚ »-à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾-à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¦-†¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ »-à §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“† Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" ªÃƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ °Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ He felt as if his head were spinning and his eyes swam before a kale endoscope of red,yellow,green,black,shiny,square,cylindrical,leaping,dancing,shapes(Zhang Peiji, P64, 1979) In this sentence, the color terms emotive function is showing the feeling, color terms can not be instead by the other kinds of words. Above all, color terms play a very important role in both Chinese and English cultures. At the same time, it is true that a translators task in translating color terms is not an easy task. He is the one who belongs to two language-culture backgrounds. He has to serve as a receptor of one message while being an announcer of message in another language of another culture. It is necessary for a translator to know color terms backgrounds and histories well. 2.2 Language, Culture and Translation Language and Culture Language is one of the important constituents of culture. Douglas(1980) once said, A language is a part of culture and culture is a part of language, the two are intricately interwoven so that one can not separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture(Douglas, P76, 1980) Languages are used to form production and explain the how the tool works; and in the situation of institutional culture, language is often in use; and mental culture must be explained and wrote by ways of language. So language is an important symbol of the culture. So it is safe to say that language has two important cultural functions. Firstly, it is the way of holding culture; secondly, it is the media in transmitting culture to youths. Language has such an important influence on a culture that some linguists believe that language and culture hold the keys to maintain national or cultural characteristics. Language is important in national sentiment because of its strong and visible symbolism; it becomes an important symbol. At the same time, language is influenced by culture. From a broad sense, language behavior is brought up by culture. That is to say, the ways of language that you use, are linked with your cultural background. In its most basic point, language is a series of rules for their use in relation to one another. Theyre unique from one culture to another. You may find it when you study another language. Here is an example, Confucianism, founded by Confucius more than 2000 years ago, has been deeply rooted in Chinese culture, Chinese people are taught from their childhood to show respect to the elders, be polite to others. This efficaciously explained the scenes that we see today in China and expressions as à ¥Ã‚ °Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ¼Ã…’And address somebody respectfully titles such as à ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã…  to address people and words as à ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‹â€ Ã‚ to themselves were so commonly heard. Translation and Culture The fact that translating one language into another is necessarily contained both two cultures that results in the close relationship between culture and translation. In the first point, culture has many limitations on translating. As we all know, culture is the identity of a country, which determines its uniqueness from another culture. Both English and Chinese language have their own series of words and expressions that quite different from other cultures, which makes it impossible to find a totally similar word in the target language that we translate to, except creating a new word. For example, à ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ µÃ‚ ®Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’in Chinese and pinkeye and whitegoods in English. Translators should be very careful in translating these words in case of misunderstanding among the readers. Second, the most important roles in translation are to enrich the culture we want to translate to, and to promote the development of the language culture. In a word, language, culture and translation cannot be separated from each other. They depend on each other. Translator should master not only bilingual knowledge but also bicultural knowledge. The Notion of Cultural Translation Translation takes place between languages. With the development of modern translation theories, more and more people believe that translation is a cross-cultural communication. In fact, they have found that cultural factors in international communication are more popular than the purely linguistic differences. Thus in the field of translation studies, translators understanding of translation has changed: from word translation to cultural translation. Shuttleworth (1997:P35) defines cultural translation as any translation which is sensitive to culture as well as linguistic factors. Language is a part of culture, thus translating one language into another can be satisfactory if the translator knows both two culture well. However, language is the soul taker of culture. In the translating course, language is translated or transformed but not culture. The purpose of translating is to make the readers get to know the culture of the countries. Chapter Three Culture of English and Chinese Basic Color Terms 3.1 Contrastive Analysis of Culture of English and Chinese Basic Color terms There are seven basic color terms both in English and Chinese, but the number of color terms are more than 2,000 in the Chinese, and more than 3,000 in English. The English basic color terms are red, pink, yellow, green, blue, black, white, gray, and brown, meanwhile in Chinese they are à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ «Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½,à ¨Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ , Basic color terms are often used, they are main parts of this article. 3.1.1 Cultural Equivalence between Black and à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Black is the basic color in both English and Chinese color system. It has not only its own meaning-the opposite of white, but also include the following meanings. Darkness, Death, Misfortune and Sadness Black is regarded as the unlucky color. As we know, the hell in the western fairy tales and the same world in Chinese mythologies are dark places when criminals die. There are some hobgoblins such asà ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¦-  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸in Chinese hell and Satan in western hell. When people died, his or her relatives wear in black and they felt sad and grief. So black is also connected with sadness and misfortune. In western religion, Black Friday refers to an unlucky day because Jesus Christ died on Friday. In China football history, there are also a bad phenomenon called Black three-minutein 1989 World Cup, because of the defenders mistake, China Mens football team lose the game with 2-1 in the last three minutes. And they failed to go to Rome to take part in the 1990s Italy World Cup Finals. From then on, the Black three-minute is a nightmare of Chinese football team. Dirtiness, Illegality and Evilness In the Ballet opera Swan Lake, the black swan is the symbol of evil and cattiness. Chinese expressions likeà ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã‚ º-,à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ´show that black in Chinese is also related the bad and evil. In English culture, expressions are explained in the same meaning, for example: Black money (to get the money through the illegal way) Black-hearted (man who are very evil and greed) Black sheep (a bad guy who do harm to his family or group) Cultural Non-equivalence betweenBlackandà ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ In Chinese ancient history, black is regarded as be respect to others: in Xia Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, ministers wear a kind of clothes calledà §Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £(Ziti), which is made up from a black silks. And black is a color making people feel respect to others, and thats why people wear in black in funerals. Ancients always connected the black with the irons factors-hard, they place the color black as the color of justice. So in the Chinese opera, a person with black face is a justice person, such as BaoZheng in Song Dynasty. Black also has some positive meaning in English language. Black dress and black suit are the most popular clothes in western countries. In some important situations, noted public figures and magnates love to wear in black. And people in symphony orchestra wear in black and its show the respect to the audience. Black-hall means the hall which many VIPs and important persons in it. However, the word black is always connected with the black-skinned people, in early times, the black-skinned people were called Negro, but they thought this salutation was pedagogue, so they choose the word black. In western black-skinned people culture, things are connected with them are dubbed the prefix black such as black English, black belt and black nationalism ,etc. Cultural Equivalence Between White andà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ White is the color which opposite to the color black. Brightness In Chinese, animals with white suchà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ½and others is a lucky symbol, it bring the symbol of peace to people. In western countries, people think angles always in white, and the angle is the hand of God, they bring outlook and happy to human beings. Death and Failure White is the color of death in Chinese traditions. When a person died, his or her relatives wear in white, and the clothes calledà ¤Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ , they believe the deaths could go to the heaven. In western countries, the color white also connected with death. White and à §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ also means failure. This phenonmen can be seen in the war, when one side of the war hang the white flag, it means they accept the failure and the other side is win. Other Connotations Enjoyed by bothwhiteandà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ White also makes people feel clean and honest. White man means the person is very honest. White also refers to the White-skinned people; the opposite of the black-skinned people. Cultural Non-equivalence Between White andà §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½ In Chinese operas, White face, for example: CaoCao in Three Kingdom period, symbolizes villainess and brings contempt, people can hardly see the true meaning from his face. Nowadays, white also describes the man who do not understand the meaning the other people says, such asà ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚  Ãƒ §Ã…“Å ¸Ãƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã…  Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ White in English also has its unique meaningslove. White Valentines Day is the day lovers stay together and celebrate the day. And it originated in 3rd century in Rome. If a girl or boy receives a gift from a boy or girl on February 14th, and he or she gives another gift on March 14th, the actions are called White Valentines Day. Cultural Equivalence Between Red and à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢ Happiness, Luck, Love and Beauty à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢is the favorite color among Chinese. In Chinese traditional festival-Spring Festival, people in his animal year are wearing in red, and he or she want to get higher. The elders give money to the youths in a red bag calledà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’†¦. And the youths always be happy when they receive à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’†¦. In the Chinese traditional weddings, red candles, red veil and red dresses of the brides, all bring the festival atmosphere and make people think that days after wedding will become better and better. Red eggs are given away to friends and relatives on the birth of a baby In western countries, red is the color that shows the love to someone: if a young man give a woman red rose, that means he want to fall in love with the woman, he loves the woman. Aggravation, Violence, Danger and Shyness Red is also linked with same emotions in both English and Chinese. In Chinese, à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã…“ ¼ is used to describe rage and violent actions. The fire truck and alarm light are all painted red to indicate danger. In minds of native speakers of English, red is also associated with sanguineness, danger and violence. However, red face doesnt only mean angry, as we all know, if a boy says I love you. to a girl, the girl also turns her face red, and thats not angry, its shyness. Red is the color of blood, if a person was beat by others and he is injured, the blood could come out from his body, and thats violent. Cultural Non-equivalence between Red andà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢ The color terms red andà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢are not equivalent in many ways. In China,à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢is the symbol of revolution and communism. Chinese national flag,à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ¸Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦, is red which means being stained red by the blood of the revolutionaries, whileà §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¾is a corner of it. Whats more, à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢in Chinese is often used to express ones envy such asà §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢, while in English the word having this function is green. Red in English has some other usages. For instance, Red Nose Day is a day on which an appeal is made for donations for research into sudden infant death syndrome, marked by the distribution of plastic red noses to donors. And this is apparently not embodied in the connotations of à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢in Chinese. 3.2 Causes for Equivalences and Unequivalences Causes for Equivalences Human beings have common factors. They live on the same globe. Although their living and working environment are much different, theyre much in common. Cultures of various countries also have something in common. All these similarities are inevitably reflected in languages. Thats why equivalents can be found in terms of linguistic from and meaning. Black is the color of darkness and some secret and illicit activities always go on in the darkness. So black is extended as illicit. In black market, the business goes on in violation of publicly imposed regulations. Money got through being against ones conscience, such as corruption and bribes, is à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ±, and smuggled goods are à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ´ The similarities in connotation of color terms not only result from the similar perception to the world, but also have something to do with customs of people. In both China and English-speaking countries, people usually roll out red carpet for an important visitor, so there is roll out red carpet in English andà ©Ã¢â‚¬Å" ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¯in Chinese, which indicates a lavish welcome. Causes for Unequivalences In the process of translating, a translator is more often faced with cultural differences. Every country has its own ethnic groups, geographical location, religions beliefs, values, political systems and so on. All these form the differences of national culture, which are also certainly embodied in language, which means culture determines the differences in connotations of color terms. As Lamb (1982: P358) observes, Its clear that religion and culture are inextricably entwined. Most experts agree that religion has endeavored to explain those motions about life that otherwise could not be understood or resolved. The study of religion not only for offers insight into the spiritual and psychological needs of people, but also gives us clues into the social aspects of a culture. The usage of color in religions and their sacred writings exert great influence on the connotations of the color terms. Besides the factors mentioned above, there are other factors influencing the usage of color terms. Some expressions with color terms come from myths, tales and some from literature works. Here we have only named some of the major causes due to the length limitation of this thesis paper. Chapter Four Compensation for the Loss in the Translation of Color Terms Literal Translation Catford (1965: P25) argues that translation takes word-for-word translation as its starting point, although because of the necessity of conforming to TL(target language) grammar, the final TT(translation teaching) may also display group-group or clause-clause equivalence. In other words, literal translation aims at preserving the most possible cultural information of the meaning without changing the linguistic forms of the source text, so by offering a foreignized translation it can get not only a very high degree of the informativeness of the cultural meaning transferred from the SL (second language) text, but also a rather high degree of the effectiveness of the transferring of the cultural meaning. Of course, the translation can only be foreigized to such a degree that the target text is still readable. Besides, in a mass of linguistic facts, there are some expressions both in English and Chinese adapting the same color symbols and carrying the same cultural connotations, thus literal translation becomes the only appropriate strategy. Free Translation Newmark (1988: P46) defined free translation as reproduce the matter without the manner or the content without the form of the original. From the perspective of cultural translation, the awareness of culture is of great importance for a translator to obtain an ideal rendering in translating practice. A good or ideal translation should accord with the demand and tendency of a particular time and should be understandable and acceptable so that is can enlighten readers to recognize foreign cultural elements. Because of lack of communication, in the past domestication (e.g. free translation) was preferred and most of those renderings that employed foreignizing methods (e.g. literal translation, transliteration) couldnt widely spread. However, because of tendency of cultural integration, foreignizing, methods can serve better for the purpose of cultural translation. Chapter Five Conclusion In the past several decades, cultural translation became an important issue in the field of translation. This paper deals with studying the color terms and its method of translation. It is easy to see that word meaning is the mirror of peoples cultural and social backgrounds. But it may be different in its meaning of this word from the other cultural groups. To better explain the methods of translation in color terms, the author compared the English and Chinese cultures in color terms from sources including historical background, religions, and so on. According to these Chinese and English cultural discrepancies, it is easy to understand the reasons why these two peoples think in different ways, which we should take into consideration. However, there are some shortcomings in this paper. First, the comparison of this paper only focuses on the basic color terms. Second, there is a large number of expressions with color terms in both Chinese and English, and the author cannot write them all, but examples given are enough in this paper because the target of the paper is not only to show the differences and same points., the more important point is to understand the reasons why the similarities and differences between these two cultures. With the development of globalization and international communication, it is necessary to learn cultures well before translating the language which comes from the culture. Color terms are more and more important in translating language. Moreover, mastering color terms translation improves the abilities of translation practice and cross-cultural communication.

Electronic Stimulation :: essays research papers

Medicine and electronics are rapidly becoming a common partnership. Electronics and medicine has been around for over a hundred years. This application can be seen in early X-ray machines, as well as early doctors and healers who felt that electricity possessed something special that assisted the healing process of many illnesses and injuries. But it has not been the last forty to fifty years that the development and refinement of electricity as medical agent has occurred. Today the medical field can not imagine itself without the assistance of electricity and electronic components. In recent years some of the major development has occurred in one particular field of Medicine, electric stimulation. Electric stimulation is the application of electric current in treatment without the generation of intense heat. This includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of interrupted current of low intensity to raise the threshold of the skin to pain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Studies suggested this therapy is applied to conditions such as ulcers, traumatic or burn wounds, osteoarthritis, and cancer. Electrical stimulation is simply the application of electrical pulses to the body, whether it is for function or therapy. The classical and common example is that of the cardiac pacemaker. The range of clinical uses of electrical stimulation has and is growing wider and includes: pain relief (often known as TENS - Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation), maintaining or increasing range of movement, muscle strengthening, facilitation of voluntary motor function, and orthotic training or substitution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is a branch off of electrical stimulation. The term FES is applied to systems, which attempt to restore, lost or impaired neuromuscular function. This would include such things as standing and walking in cases of paraplegia, by the application of electrical pulses to neural pathways or, but less often, directly to muscles. FES is also sometimes known as Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation or FNS. (http://medicaledu.com:80/estim.htm, 1999)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the electrode-tissue interface, where the electrode and actual body come into contact, a conversion occurs between the current of electrons passing through the wires and the current of ions moved within the tissue. Then through this externally applied current, the depolarisation of nerve and muscle to threshold is produced by the transport of ions across the tissue membrane. There are several factors that determine whether sufficient current flows is taking place: impedance of body tissues, electrode size and position, and stimulation parameters.

Fast food †Harry Snyder Essay

Have you ever had a food that you could never forget? You still remember the perfect combination of taste and mouthwatering appearance as you took your first bite. For many, In-N-Out Burger’s famous burgers are unforgettable; â€Å"Known for its made-to-order hamburgers, fresh ingredients, and efficient service. † The simple beginning, tidy appearance, basic menu, and customer satisfaction each contribute to the popularity of this restaurant. One reason the restaurant is so well-known is because of its beginning. Founded in Baldwin Park, California in 1948 by Harry and Esther Snyder, In-N-Out Burger was. California’s first drive through restaurant. The couple had the idea of customers being able to drive up and order their food through a two-way speaker unit, which they ultimately accomplished. Many new proposals to open their business elsewhere then arose, and offers were being accepted at a rather rapid pace. The successful opening contributed to the quickly gained popularity. Another reason In-N-Out Burger is rather popular is a result of the notably clean appearance. As part of the promise of Harry and Esther Snyder, every venue has cleanliness worth remembering as there is a policy to maintain tidy quarters. Charlie Palmer states, â€Å"The places are incredibly clean. I’m impressed by that†. Even as a restaurant entrepreneur himself, Palmer took note of the pristine premises. Well-kept In-N-Out locations often contribute to the widespread popularity. Also, the simple menu of In-N-Out has remained the same from the very beginning, providing yet another reason for customers to come back. The basic burgers, fries, pop, and shakes displayed on the In-N-Out menu make it very easy to order from. There are three combos to choose from that each include a different burger with fries and a drink, or you can simply choose just one or two of the food choices. Without the complications of numerous added food items, people are able to quickly decide what they’d like to eat and drink. The straightforward menu contributes to the amount of incoming customers in the popular In-N-Out Burger chain. Their mission statement was simple, â€Å"Give customers the freshest, highest quality foods you can buy and provide them with friendly service in a sparkling clean environment. † They still use this philosophy in every running In-N-Out open today. Quality, freshness, and good service are the core ingredient to In-N-Out’s success. Harry and Esther’s two sons, Guy and Rich, learned the business from working in their parents store when they were young. When Harry Snyder passed away in 1976, there were 18 drive-through locations running. Rich Snyder, at age 24, took over as President. Guy Snyder helped him to establish what like a cafeteria at the Baldwin Park Headquarters. This new facility allowed In-N-Out to have total quality control over all In-N-Out ingredients including the secret sauce. They also started an In-N-Out â€Å"University†, where new managers are trained and the In-N-Out philosophies for Alyissa Balderama M/W 11:00. Professor Read success are consistently reinforced. While Rich was President, In-N-Out grew from those 18 locations in 1976 to 93 locations. Rich Snyder remained true to his parents’ goal of serving only the freshest foods available. None of the ingredients were frozen, and no microwaves were used. All orders were made to order, contributing to what some in the food industry considered a long wait for a fast-food hamburger. The milk shakes were made with real ice cream, and the burgers were 100 percent beef. The beef was ground and formed into patties by In-N-Out workers at the Baldwin Park facility. The lettuce was broken into leaves by hand, and the buns were baked fresh using old-fashioned sponge dough that took six to eight hours to rise. The potatoes for the French fries were shipped in burlap sacks to the outlets, where associates cut them by hand. In-N-Out has used southern California-grown Kennebec potatoes, which are said to be ideal for frying. The French fries have always been fried in cholesterol-free vegetable oil. Guy Snyder then took over and became Chairman of the Board and CEO in 1993. As Chairman, H. Guy Snyder, led In-N-Out into the future with continued expansion throughout California, Nevada and Arizona. Guy carried on the same tradition that was set in 1948 by his parents, stressing the same basic values that helped make In-N-Out so successful. While Guy was Chairman of the Board, In-N-Out grew from 93 locations to 140 at the time of his death in 1999. The atmosphere of enthusiasm for serving customers the freshest quality hamburgers and French fries can be seen all the way from the many store locations to the office Associates. Though times have changed, little has changed at In-N-Out. The menu-burgers, fries and drinks-is still the same basic menu customers have enjoyed since 1948. Everything is still made fresh to order. There are no microwaves or freezers. Customers may observe French fries being made from hand-diced, fresh, whole potatoes. And the shakes are made from real ice cream. There have been a few modifications in recent years. The original In-N-Out offered only drive-thru and walk up service. Most of the newer In-N-Out Burger locations provide indoor and outdoor seating. Aside from building improvements, though, In-N-Out has retained the basic traditions that have made it a favorite for 60 years. Lastly, customer satisfaction makes a huge difference for the better in the stature of In-N-Out. Consumers are often very dedicated and spread the word of their fast food favorite. Even chef reviews are completely positive according to Esquire’s chef survey. Alton Brown is reminded of his childhood when he drinks the shakes and Thomas Keller claims it’s an ideal illustration of classic American fast food. And although some who go for a burger find it as just average, their number is much outweighed by the majority of favorable feedback. Customer’s enjoyment in In-N-Out Burger surely helps with the positive standing amongst other fast food places. Alyissa Balderama M/W 11:00 Professor Read. Overall, In-N-Out Burger’s marketable beginning, clean restaurant appearance, simple menu, and customer satisfaction all help maintain a good reputation. Every location follows the Snyder’s promise to keep the restaurant as clean as possible and the never-changing menu has stayed as easy to order from as it was in the beginning. So the next time you’re in the area of an In-n-Out Burger, make sure to stop by and try something there. Alyissa Balderama M/W 11:00 Professor Read Works Cited â€Å"In-N-Out Burger. † In-N-Out Burger. N. p. , n. d. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n. d. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.

Uk standard of living essays

Uk standard of living essays a) explain how the standard of living in the UK could be measured (10) The standard of living in the UK can be measured in a number of different ways, considering many different variables, and producing a variety of different results. Real income per capita is one of the most commonly used methods of measuring living standards. It is found by dividing the real GDP by the total population of the country and provides an average income for the country. In order for it to provide an affective method of measuring living standards and demonstrating any trends in the UK, i.e. an increase in standards, the real income per capita would need to be calculated over a number of years and the real incomes of other countries should also be calculated in order to have a basis with which to compare the UK. However, real income per capita is not considered the best method of measuring living standards as it simply takes into account monetary earnings, and living standards are much more than just income. Also it simply comes up with an average wage and does not take into account the distribution of the income, people at the low end could be living in absolute poverty whilst those at the top live in total luxury but it would balance to a good, fair wage level. The MEW (Measurable Economic Welfare) takes the problem of other factors apart from simply wages into account and so can be seen as a very efficient way of measuring living standards. The MEW takes the real GDP figures and then adjusts them by adding a value for leisure and positive externalities and deducting a value for negative aspects such as defence spending and the cost of police services. Although taking other factors into account makes the MEW a good indicator again it only considers an average, not a person by person view. The unemployment rate can also demonstrate living standards. Currently the UK unemployment rate is 2.9%. This is a very low figure and low unemployment can b ...

Mental Retardation in the Movies essays

Mental Retardation in the Movies essays Movies have both positive and negative influences on how society views mentally challenged people. They educate non-challenged people by showing that those with challenges are just like everyone else; they might just need an extra hand. For those with challenges, the movies can inspire or discourage them. Recently there have been more movies directed toward this important subject. Historically movies avoided the mentally challenged. They focused on wars, the west and musicals. Movies first started out in black and white and were just visual with no sound. From then they have come really far being able to add not only color and sound but computer animations. There are two movies which will be discussed concerning the positive and negative aspects of the mentally challenged in movies. The Other Sister and Radio show both sides of how society views the mentally challenged. In the movie The Other Sister the two main characters are mentally retarded. Carla is a young woman who has and over-protective mother. She was released from and institution and desires to attend a junior college to become a vet assistant. Carla has to convince her mother that she is capable of this responsibility. It is at college where Carla meets Danny. He is employed in a demeaning job in the band department but he enjoys it. The two fall in love but have to put up with their parents who do not believe they know what love is. They also become the butts of some cruel treatment by others in society. This movie shows how the mentally challenged experience emotions in their everyday life just like everyone else. In this movie Carla and Danny show that people with mental retardation can live independently, have a job, fall in love and get married. On the other hand, the parents of Carla are trying to show that she is not ready to go out into the world. They dress Carla up in an absurd costume for a so...

Demostration Speech Essay Example

Demostration Speech Essay Example Demostration Speech Essay Demostration Speech Essay Grade: 95Instructor: Dr. Hayes Cynthia Horne Date: 9-25-2012 Topic: How to Check Your Blood Pressure Type: Demonstration Speech Mode: Memorized Introduction: I asked several questions to get the attention of my audience. This speech was a chance for me to share steps and experience on checking your blood pressure only takes 30 seconds. The steps were clearly stated, first choose the right equipment, second, stabled patient and third the right size blood pressure cuff. Blood pressure issues can strike at any age. The chaos, confusion and disorder in life will still be there. Keeping your pressures check will ensure you not having a heart attack or stroke. I spoke of having to check my blood pressure on regular basis. These easy steps are how I keep my doctor informed on the high and low of my pressure on a weekly basis. Body: My thoughts were organized logically. The main points were clearly explained. I took the listeners systematically step by step; bring in a short YouTube video of two ways on how to check your blood pressure manually by using the arm cuff or using a wrist cuff. I demonstrated this on a live patient. I included a little comedy build up to make my patient feel more relaxed. I wanted to get the best effect as possible. A source was cited as stated in the video, normal pressure is 120/80. The three steps I used to show how to check your blood pressure was supported in my speech. The evidence was clear and current. Conclusion: I have been battling high blood pressure for a few years now. I was on my way to having a stroke. Thankfully it was caught in time. It is a frightening experience that will challenge who you are, what is genuinely important to you and what your life is all about. I suggested to my audience to take The American Red Cross vital signs course that lasts about 2 or 3 hours. It is easy to take your blood pressure. It only takes 30 seconds. I adapted to my listeners feedback. My story received maximum impact. Other: I took a couple of slow deep breaths before I started. I focus in on my audience. Instead of looking down while doing my speech I look around the room making eye contact with everyone. I remembered that they are individual people, they are my classmates. I worked on the introduction so my speech will get off to a good start. I use video to create interest, draw attention away from me. My voice was not as shaky; therefor my tone of voice was smooth. I used my arm and hands to help tell my story effectively and drive home my main point. Materials List Omron Automatic Blood Pressure with cuff Live patient YouTube video Brochures Comments: Evaluations from my peers was on a grading scale from 1 to 5, with 5 being the strongest. I received a majority score of 5 strong points for organization, content, and delivery.

Clostridium Difficile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Clostridium Difficile - Essay Example The role of CDI in antibiotic-associated diarrhea was recognized in 1970s. In 2000, the emergence of a drug-resistant hypervirulent strain was documented. This strain was associated with severe and recurrent CDI. Between 2000 and 2005, the CDI cases almost doubled, of which majority were older adults (Kee 2011). CDI is characterized by at least three unformed feces, within a 24-hour period, with C. difficile (McCollum and Rodriguez 2012). The presence of infection is examined through histopathologic or endoscopic tests. CDI has been linked to approximately 20% of all cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in humans (Carman et al. 2011). From being associated with simple to severe diarrhea, C. difficile is now regarded as the principal cause of various diseases, including sepsis, fulminant colitis, multiorgan failure, toxic megacolon, and even death (Ananthakrishnan and Binion 2010). History and Epidemiology Staphylococcus aureus was commonly linked to antibiotic-associated diarrhea, but in 1974, the cases of clindamycin-associated pseudomembranus colitis were found not caused by S. aureus (Bartlett 2008). These cases were later associated with C. difficile when the link between CDI and antibiotic therapy was elucidated. CDI became more common and severe since the year 2000. From a common cause of nuisance, it evolved into a principal nosocomial cause of mortality and morbidity (McCollum and Rodriguez 2012). ... This percentage increases with age, making the elderly more prone to CDI than the young adults. Older adults may have 10% to 20% colonization rates, depending on the length and frequency of exposure to antibiotic treatments and to C. difficile (Wilcox 2003). Although the vegetative forms of the bacillus die upon exposure to air, its spores may last for months and even years. Hospitals are the major source of C. difficile spores. The bacillus can also be found in farmyards and domestic animals like dogs, cows, cats, horses, and pigs. In developed countries, hospital-acquired diarrhea is likely associated with C. difficile than any other bacteria (Wilcox 2003). In England and Wales, about 18,000 laboratory cases of C. difficile are reported annually (Wilcox 2003). More than 80% of these cases involved patients with ages of over 65 years (Wilcox 2003). The elderly patients tend to acquire severe CDI, though increasing age is not a risk factor for the extent of infection severity. These trends were also observed in the U.S. In fact, the economic cost of CDI cases in the U.S. range from $436 million to $3 billion in a year (Ananthakrishnan and Binion 2010). Clinical and Pathological Features It is often difficult to differentiate the clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease caused by C. difficile from those of other intestinal diseases, such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and chronic inflammatory bowel disease (Knoop et al. 1993). The symptoms may manifest as early as one to two days after an antimicrobial therapy and as late as two to ten weeks after the therapy. C. difficile-associated disease could also occur after a single

Managing your personal finance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing your personal finance - Case Study Example Belle is risk-adverse thus holds about$60,000 in savings account which can be used to provide allowances to her parents for 60 months if $1,000 is paid every month; and $110,000 in 1 year fixed-deposit that could be used to cover the outstanding balance on loan which is $605,230. The mortgage is charged at 1.5 percent fixed for 25 years. Her mortgage covers critical illness or permanent disability at premium of $3,359 pa. In the event she passes, the $1,500,000 Term plan and $600,000 critical illness benefits cover Kenji and Karen’s educational requirements. This is because, the total educational expenses are about S$25,000 today and when factoring 6 percent inflation rate in next four years, this amount will be equivalent to S$31,561.92 [that is, 25000x(1+0.06)4]. It is also given in the case that Belle has been advised to keep aside ‘Emergency’ expenses (3 times her monthly gross income or about 4,500,000) that will provide immediate money to her children. In ad dition, the limited-pay whole life plan covering Critical Illness upto $50,000 has cash value $48,750 at premium of $19,500 pa that will give her tax benefits. (b) In the event that Belle passes on without making any formal arrangement (as discussed in (a) above) to pass on her estate, how will her estate then be distributed. Explain with relevant references. Belle has recently discovered lumps on her breast which she suspects could be early signs of breast cancer. As she is risk-adverse, Belle decided to buy Term plan worth $1,500,000 including $600,000 Critical Illness benefits that will benefit her offspring in the event she dies of cancer (critical illness). The plan is covered till age of 99 and she is presently 42 years old and only requires $14,604 outlay per year. Belle is 42 years old and is currently employed as Marketing Director of a multinational corporation that requires frequent travels

Women education In Saudi Arabia , Sustainable Development and NGO's Essay

Women education In Saudi Arabia , Sustainable Development and NGO's - Essay Example Nevertheless, education for women is still being implemented in Saudi Arabia (Hamdan, 2005, p. 43). Additionally, UNEP released statistics that depicted an approximate and predicted adult illiteracy rate of 2.5% for women between the years of 15 to 14 (UNEP, 2011, p. 1). The most upsetting factor of the crisis in the country’s education sector is the inability to offer the needs for the progress of Arabian women. A 2002 Arab human development report indicated that women’s education does not regularly train students, means of assessing information to become innovative. As a result, graduation rates become high and eventually face a low employment rate. A huge proportion of graduate women become unemployed after finishing their educational courses (Hamdan, 2005, p. 43). The current Saudi school structure works for both men and women with the aim of reducing illiteracy rates in the country, and increasing employment opportunities (Joseph and Najmabadi, 2003, p. 230). The American school structure was gravely considered by the Ministry of Education when drawing out the local school curriculum and structure for Saudi Arabia. This approach was considered due to the economic disruption following the discovery and exploitation of oil have rise to a trend that fostered education abroad. Women’s education at all levels, elementary, high school and tertiary, were under the Department of Religious Education until 2002. The Ministry of Education took over the education scene in the country to guarantee women’s education non-deviation from the initial objective. Currently, higher schooling is offered by seven universities, several academies for women, an institution of public administration and 17 teacher-training colleges (Hamdan, 2005, p. 44). Women’s education encounters several barriers to its implementation and development. Women’s liberties and duties in Saudi Arabia have faced equal controversy amongst its conformists and progressives

Causality and logical fallacieis in old wives' tales and old farmer's Essay

Causality and logical fallacieis in old wives' tales and old farmer's tales (tales are given) - Essay Example y arise because of observing some instances where they became true, so people shared these stories as facts, and these beliefs are subsequently passed on to others. The flaws in the logical reasoning behind these tales are: first, non sequitur because conclusions about these superstitions do not necessarily follow from the premises; second, hasty generalization because anecdotal evidence does not support the external validity of superstitions; third, confusing cause and effect because factors that happen together are not always related as cause and effect; and fourth, appeal to fear because black cats are related to witchcraft and demons. The old wives’ tale about pregnant women shows non sequitur because the effect of having a child who becomes a musician does not always follow from the practice of listening to music while pregnant. The exact source of this superstition is not well-documented, although some of these stories are likely to come from European countries that are fond of listening to classical music in the past. These mothers might have been incidentally listening to music while pregnant, so when their children became musicians, they immediately attributed the latter’s musician skills to their pregnancy habits. Nevertheless, even if it was true for some mothers, it does not follow, which is non sequitur, that every mother who follows the same practice will also have children with musical skills. Believing in this relationship results to another fallacy called hasty generalization. Even if some pregnant mothers attest that they listened to music regularly while pregnant, and that this practi ce provided musical skills to their children, their small sampling cannot be applied to the entire population of mothers who follow the same habit. It will be hasty generalization to assume that the practice of a small group generates effects that are applicable for the whole population. Anecdotal evidence is not enough to prove the external validity of the

Compartive analysis of New Black Panther Party for Self Defense and Research Paper

Compartive analysis of New Black Panther Party for Self Defense and the White Supremacist World Church of the Creator - Research Paper Example (The Creativity Movement in 2003) Â   New Black Panther Party for Self Defense is the largest black racist militant group founded in Texas. New Black Panther Party gained supporters through media coverage of its efforts of taking on racial discrimination issues under the pretext of civil rights. The group’s demonstrations call for racial violence ruining its efforts to promote black pride. In January 2009, a suit was filed against New Black Panther Party for intimidating a voter on Election Day 2008 in Philadelphia. (New Black Panther Party for Self Defense: Ideology 2012) The ideology of World Church of the Creator is ‘Creativity’ which is a racial religion aiming for the survival and expansion of the white race. The members of World Church of the Creator call themselves ‘Creators’ who view every matter as a white man’s perspective, resulting in attacks on followers of other religions and people of other races. Its slogans are ‘A Whiter and Brighter World’ and ‘RAHOWA" (RAcial HOly WAr)’. (Robinson 2012) Creativity was founded by Ben Klassen (1918-1993). The Church of the Creator (COTC) was organized by him which was succeeded by The Creativity Movement in 1973. After Klassens suicide in 1993, the group’s activity began to decline and it started to fade out but it was resuscitated by Rev. Matthew Hale (former head of the National Socialist White Americans Party) in 1996 and named it World Church of the Creator and was its Pontifex Maximus- the highest priest. He attracted a large number of followers, ‘creators’. He passed his bar exams but has been denied a license due to his religious beliefs. (Robinson 2012) Montana has been a centre of WCOTC activity. In the early 1990s Rev Rudy Stanko moved to Billings and began selling Klassen’s books. Rev. Slim Deardorf hosted the annual convention of the WCTOC every summer. Literature has been spread across the state in order to gain followers. In spite of

UPS Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

UPS - Case Study Example The last part of the paper will sum up the main points discussed and recommendations will be given with regards to the measures that can be taken in order to effectively deal with the problems discussed. Description of the organization and problem identification United Parcel Service was founded in 1907 in USA and it specifically dealt with delivering an assortment of parcels and goods sent through its office to different clients. It started from humble beginnings where all packages were delivered by foot, street bicycle as well as street car. However, the company re-engineered itself to become a state-of-the-art delivery service when it introduced its first delivery car, a Model T Ford in 1913. The organization witnessed positive developments and went through different stages until 1980 which saw the passage of the passage of Motor Career Act which deregulated the whole trucking industry. The organization even introduced air services as it sought to diversify its activities to counter competition which was intensifying as a result of the deregulation exercise of this industry. However, increased competition as a result of deregulation compelled the organization to allocate large amounts of capital to modernize its data processing department. The deregulation of the freight industry also posed immense challenges to UPS given that the emerging entrants utilized low cost services such as the Federal Express Corporation. As such, it has been observed that data processing operated with poor equipment and the service provided was poor given that it fell beyond the competition that existed in technological and programming capabilities. Up until 1981, the department of information faced unprecedented challenges of technologically more advanced competition from Federal Express and RPS. It was realized that in order for UPS to remain the dominant carrier package delivery service, it had to join the competitors in the age of computer technology. Whilst UPS had the most extensive ground network, it had apparently been left in core areas such as technological innovations which included scanning, radio-dispatched pickups, package tracking, and data-acquisition devices. Despite the mission which was meant to â€Å"to provide management with the information it needs to meet the company’s goals in a responsive manner and at a reasonable cost,† the company fell short of achieving this goal given that it had limited numbers of employees with the requisite skills to execute the information requirements of the company. The main problem facing UPS is that it has to implement changes in order to meet the marketing and technological challenges that have been co mpounded by the deregulation exercise in this industry. It is facing a dilemma particularly in making decisions to hire or recruit talent from within the company or hire experienced people in information systems from outside. The problem with locating talent within the company is that most of the employees have experience in hub and package centers and have less experience in the new dispensation of information and communication technology. On the other hand, the problem related to hiring people from outside is related to re-orienting them to fit in the culture of the organization, training them, matching their expectations and helping them grow to meet the expectations of the organization. Stakeholder analysis The main players in this particular case are the employees who are responsible for executing all the tasks within the organization. Any change to the

Causality and logical fallacieis in old wives' tales and old farmer's Essay

Causality and logical fallacieis in old wives' tales and old farmer's tales (tales are given) - Essay Example y arise because of observing some instances where they became true, so people shared these stories as facts, and these beliefs are subsequently passed on to others. The flaws in the logical reasoning behind these tales are: first, non sequitur because conclusions about these superstitions do not necessarily follow from the premises; second, hasty generalization because anecdotal evidence does not support the external validity of superstitions; third, confusing cause and effect because factors that happen together are not always related as cause and effect; and fourth, appeal to fear because black cats are related to witchcraft and demons. The old wives’ tale about pregnant women shows non sequitur because the effect of having a child who becomes a musician does not always follow from the practice of listening to music while pregnant. The exact source of this superstition is not well-documented, although some of these stories are likely to come from European countries that are fond of listening to classical music in the past. These mothers might have been incidentally listening to music while pregnant, so when their children became musicians, they immediately attributed the latter’s musician skills to their pregnancy habits. Nevertheless, even if it was true for some mothers, it does not follow, which is non sequitur, that every mother who follows the same practice will also have children with musical skills. Believing in this relationship results to another fallacy called hasty generalization. Even if some pregnant mothers attest that they listened to music regularly while pregnant, and that this practi ce provided musical skills to their children, their small sampling cannot be applied to the entire population of mothers who follow the same habit. It will be hasty generalization to assume that the practice of a small group generates effects that are applicable for the whole population. Anecdotal evidence is not enough to prove the external validity of the

UPS Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

UPS - Case Study Example The last part of the paper will sum up the main points discussed and recommendations will be given with regards to the measures that can be taken in order to effectively deal with the problems discussed. Description of the organization and problem identification United Parcel Service was founded in 1907 in USA and it specifically dealt with delivering an assortment of parcels and goods sent through its office to different clients. It started from humble beginnings where all packages were delivered by foot, street bicycle as well as street car. However, the company re-engineered itself to become a state-of-the-art delivery service when it introduced its first delivery car, a Model T Ford in 1913. The organization witnessed positive developments and went through different stages until 1980 which saw the passage of the passage of Motor Career Act which deregulated the whole trucking industry. The organization even introduced air services as it sought to diversify its activities to counter competition which was intensifying as a result of the deregulation exercise of this industry. However, increased competition as a result of deregulation compelled the organization to allocate large amounts of capital to modernize its data processing department. The deregulation of the freight industry also posed immense challenges to UPS given that the emerging entrants utilized low cost services such as the Federal Express Corporation. As such, it has been observed that data processing operated with poor equipment and the service provided was poor given that it fell beyond the competition that existed in technological and programming capabilities. Up until 1981, the department of information faced unprecedented challenges of technologically more advanced competition from Federal Express and RPS. It was realized that in order for UPS to remain the dominant carrier package delivery service, it had to join the competitors in the age of computer technology. Whilst UPS had the most extensive ground network, it had apparently been left in core areas such as technological innovations which included scanning, radio-dispatched pickups, package tracking, and data-acquisition devices. Despite the mission which was meant to â€Å"to provide management with the information it needs to meet the company’s goals in a responsive manner and at a reasonable cost,† the company fell short of achieving this goal given that it had limited numbers of employees with the requisite skills to execute the information requirements of the company. The main problem facing UPS is that it has to implement changes in order to meet the marketing and technological challenges that have been co mpounded by the deregulation exercise in this industry. It is facing a dilemma particularly in making decisions to hire or recruit talent from within the company or hire experienced people in information systems from outside. The problem with locating talent within the company is that most of the employees have experience in hub and package centers and have less experience in the new dispensation of information and communication technology. On the other hand, the problem related to hiring people from outside is related to re-orienting them to fit in the culture of the organization, training them, matching their expectations and helping them grow to meet the expectations of the organization. Stakeholder analysis The main players in this particular case are the employees who are responsible for executing all the tasks within the organization. Any change to the

Holy Shrines in Khairpur Essay Example for Free

Holy Shrines in Khairpur Essay Holy Shrines in Khairpur Posted on January 11, 2012 [pic] Khairpur is the twelfth largest city in the province of Sindh in southeast Pakistan. It was founded in 1783 by Mir Sohrab Khan, who established the Khairpur branch of the Talpur clan. Khairpur Sindh is known as the Gateway of Islam, Baab ul Islam,   Muhammad Bin Qasim’s conquest of Sindh laid the Foundation of Islam in the sub continent as Sindhs name suggests the Gateway of Islam, many religious saints and Sufi’s were from Sindh and are laid there, Devotees from all over Pakistan and the Subcontinent visit these Shrines each year, following are some other famous shrines in other parts of Sindh, houses the Shrine of   Sachal Sarmast (1739–1829) who was a Sufi poet from Sindh during the Kalhora era. He was born in daraza near Ranipur, Sindh. His real name was Abdul Wahab and â€Å"Sachal† was his nickname. [pic]Khairpur has very important Historical significance; there are many historical places like Faiz Mahal, Bali House, Lal Bungalow, Shesh Mahal at Kot Diji. Besides these historical places, there are some of the world famous archaeological sites in the district of Khairpur. One such site is the site of Kot Diji and opposite to it is the giant citadel at the top of the hill beside National Highway. Khairpur district is divided into eight Tehsils. †¢ Khairpur †¢ Nara †¢ Kot Diji †¢ Sobho Dero †¢ Kingri †¢ Faiz Ganj †¢ Gambat †¢ Mirwah [pic]Khairpur is famous for harvesting Dates as well, these Dates are distributed throughout Pakistan, Khairpur has a hot weather, fruits harvested here are usually juicy, sweet and supple because of khairpur’s hot weather and no humidity, the hot weather of Khairpur is suitable for the harvesting of cash crops like wheat and cotton, Khairour is irrigated through river Indus. Shrine of Sachal Sarmast: [pic] The Famous Sufi poet from the Kalhora era Sachal Sarmast was born in Daraza, Sindh near Ranipur, Sachal Sarmast meant truthful and mystic in Sindhi, His real name was Abdul Wahab, He is regarded as poet of seven languages (shair-e-haft zaban),  Sachal Sarmast was famous for his poetical works in Arabic, Sindhi, Saraiki, Punjabi, Urdu, Persian and Balochi to address the wider audience in these languages. He spread the message of love for humanity through poetry. Sachal Sarmasts poems are sung by local singers in Sindhi and Urdu, His Shrine is in Daraza near Ranipur that is visited by thousands of Devotees from the whole Pakistan and different parts of the Sub-continent as well.

Financial Statements Analysis of Competitors

Financial Statements Analysis of Competitors The two U.S. companies Lowes and Home Depot are two leading competitors on the DYI market who are both listed on the U.S. stock market. You are to carry out a financial statement analysis of these two companies covering the period 2002 to 2006. Specifically, you are to: 1. Analyze and evaluate the balance sheet for assets and liabilities that are not recorded. Kohlbeck (2004) argues that, using the case of banks, few firms disclose the value of their intangible assets, and few provide any information enabling investors to make an informed judgement as to the value of these assets. As such, given that companies will tend to categorise and record the value of all their tangible assets, actually quantifying the value of any assets that are not recorded on the balance sheet is likely to be very difficult. Bodenhorn (1984) argues that non recorded assets can have a value assigned to them from the future value of the cash flows that they will generate. However, again companies rarely assign cash flows to intangible assets, such as branding, further making this difficult. As such, the analysis and evaluation will need to take on a qualitative nature. Both Lowe’s (Shareholder.com, 2008) and Home Depot (SEC, 2008) provide details of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, and inventory in their current assets, and land, buildings, equipment, leasehold improvements and construction in progress in their fixed assets. However, Lowe’s does not include any trade receivables in their current assets. This could mean that the company does not have any trade receivables, or it could imply that the company is being prudent, and not recognising these receivables until they have been paid. In addition, Lowe’s does not record any goodwill, which could mean that the company has either not made any acquisitions, that it has only paid market value for them, or that it is not recording the goodwill as it does not see it as a reasonable asset: maybe the value of the goodwill will need to be downgraded. Neither company has recorded any asset value for brand value, employee skills and knowledge, or customer loyalty. Whi lst this is in accordance with international accounting standards, it nevertheless fails to acknowledge what could be a significant source of value for the companies (Quick, 2002). In terms of liabilities that are not recorded, the only potential items which may not have been recorded are pension liabilities, with neither company including them as an item of their annual reports. Whilst the FASB issues Statement No 158 in 2007, which made it a requirement for employers to move pension liabilities onto the balance sheet (Miller and Bahnson, 2007a), this requirement may not yet have impacted on these accounts. Other than this, modern accounting standards generally require that all liabilities be kept on balance sheet, hence there are unlikely to be any other liabilities which are not recorded by the balance sheets. 2. Analyze and evaluate the balance sheet for the current value of assets and liabilities. When determining the current value of assets and liabilities, it is necessary to consider both their balance sheet value and their liquidity (Allen and Carletti, 2006). For example, if inventory has to be sold off quickly, it will rarely achieve its full valuation, and items such as goodwill will have no immediate current value. In contrast, banks can often call in loans and other liabilities at their full value. Applying this to the two balance sheets: Cash and cash equivalents can be counted at full value Short-term investments will be counted at 80% of value, to reflect losses and penalties on disposal Receivables will be counted at 90%, as bad debts will likely increase in the event of a quick sale Merchandise inventories will be counted at 20% to reflect the difficulty in disposing of them Other current assets, deferred income taxes, and goodwill will be excluded, as they have no tangible saleable value. Property and associated fixed assets will be counted at 50%. Long term investments and notes will not be counted, as it may not be possible to recover this money in short order. Lowe’s: ItemBook valueCurrent value Cash and cash equivalents281281 Short-term investments249200 Merchandise inventory7,6111522 Deferred income taxes2470 Other current assets2980 Property, less accumulated depreciation21,36110,681 Long-term investments5090 Other assets3130 Total assets30,86912,684 Total liabilities14,77114,771 Net value16,098(2,087) Home Depot ItemBook valueCurrent value Cash and Cash Equivalents445445 Short-Term Investments129 Receivables, net1,2591,133 Merchandise Inventories11,7312,346 Other Current Assets1,2270 Net Property and Equipment27,47613,738 Notes Receivable3420 Goodwill1,2090 Other Assets6230 Total assets44,32417,671 Total liabilities26,61026,610 Net value17,714(8,939) Whilst this analysis is somewhat basic, and the assumptions contained within it have not been rigorously tested, it demonstrates that, in the event that either company’s full liabilities became payable at short notice, both companies could have difficulty raising enough money to cover them. However, this is unlikely as both companies have a significant amount of their liabilities in the form of long term loans, which are unlikely to become due immediately. 3. Analyze and interpret the effect on financial results and ratios of the companies choices of accounting methods and assumptions made under these accounting methods. In accordance with the US GAAP, both companies declare that they use estimates for determining the carrying value of assets and liabilities which cannot be otherwise determined (Miller and Bahnson, 2007b). As such, both companies acknowledge that the value they have applied to some of their assets and liabilities may be different from their actual value, which would depend on the circumstances in which these items were valued. This has had an effect on the financial results because, if the estimated value is incorrect, it will potentially have an impact on profits and net asset values, and hence affect all ratios which depend on these items. Furthermore, the companies have both declared cash and cash equivalents to be made up of actual cash, cash in deposit accounts, and investments with maturity dates of less than three months from the date of purchase. In addition, they have classified payments made by credit or debit card around the time of preparation of the accounts as being cash equivalents, as they will generally be paid within two or three business days. This has impacted on the value of cash and cash equivalents, and also on the value of trade receivables and short term investments. As such, whilst it will not have affected the value of current assets, choosing different criteria would have led to a different value for cash and cash equivalents, and would thus have affected the quick ratio. When recording merchandise inventory, both companies record the value of their inventory at the lower value of the cost to purchase or the market value, based on the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method of inventory accounting. As such, and as demonstrated by Bruns and Harmeling (1991), the value of inventory recorded in the financial accounts will be different than in another method, such as LIFO, was used to calculate the value of the inventory. This will affect the value of current assets, and also of total and net assets, thus affecting the majority of ratios related to the balance sheet. Lowe’s also records an inventory reserve, which is to be used to cover any loss associated with selling off inventory at less than its book value. This reserve will affect the value of inventory, and will also presumably affect the value of cash and cash equivalents if it is made up of liquid investments which are not held as such. As such, this may further affect several of the company†™s ratios. Finally, both companies use the straight line method to depreciate assets over their useful economic lives. As such, they will produce different values for fixed, total and net assets than they would under different methods of depreciation accounting, which will affect most ratios based on these values. 4. Interpret indicators and determine the companies earnings quality. According to Richardson (2003) some of the primary indicators of a poor earnings quality include an increase in trade receivables; a link between growth in earnings and a reduction in the effective tax rate; capitalising interest payments; and a large number of significant one off items. In addition, an positive correlation between cash flow and earnings, as well as a higher gross margin, indicate a high quality of earnings (Bao and Bao, 2004). Applying this to Lowe’s, there are no figures given for trade receivables in either of the past years. This can be taken to indicate that the company is not owed any significant receivables, thus implying a high quality of earnings. Over the past three years, there has been no noticeable change in the tax rate experienced, however, whilst post tax earnings grew from 2006 to 2007, they fell from 2007 to 2008, which may indicate further future falls in earnings. There is no evidence of a capitalisation in interest payments by the company, and nor are there any major one off items, with the profit and loss account remaining fairly consistent from year to year. Gross margin has also consistently increased, going from 34.2% to 34.64%. However, there has been a larger increase in general expenses, which has caused a fall in overall earnings. There has also been an increase in cash flow over the three years, further indicating high earnings quality. Home Depot has experienced a significant fall in trade receivables over the past two years, and has had no significant change in its tax rate. However, its revenues have decreased over the past three years to a much greater degree than Lowe’s. Whilst part of this can be attributed to a fall in sales over the past two years, it is also due to a significant increase in selling and general expenses, which may also threaten earnings quality. Again, there is no evidence of capitalisation of interest payments or of major one off items. However, whilst Lowe’s has grown its gross margin, Home Depot has experienced no changes in margins, and its cash flows from operating have fallen more significantly than its earnings over the past two years. As such, Home Depot appears to have a much lower quality of earnings when compared to Lowe’s. 5. Discuss which of the two companies think produce more reliable financial reporting and discuss which of them you would choose to invest in. You have to use many ratios (the most common ratios), you have not a limited number of ratios to use in your analysis. From the examination of the financial statements discussed above, there does not appear to be much difference between the reliability of the financial reporting methods of both companies. Both companies follow US GAAP regulations and standards, and both appear to interpret the rules in the same way. Both are publicly listed companies, and both sets of accounts include statements that they have followed accounting standards, been audited, and are Sarbanes-Oxley compliant. As such, the main differentiator between the two companies will need to be the ratio analysis of their financial accounts. The ratio analysis, detailed in the appendix below, reveals that both of the companies are very similar in their financial performance, which is probably largely due to the fact that they operate in the same industry and very similar markets. In terms of liquidity, Home Depot has a better current ratio and quick ratio, due to its trade payables. However, Lowe’s has a better operating cash flow, a fact which was commented on in the previous section regarding earnings quality. Home Depot has a higher rate of turnover for all five ratios, indicating that it is better at using its inventory and assets to generate sales, however Lowe’s higher gross margin and net margin (return on sales) indicates that Lowe’s is better at generating profits from these sales. In addition, Lowe’s has a lower debt to equity and debt ratio, as well as higher interest cover, which indicates that Lowe’s is better placed to withstand any falls in revenue and profit, which were also remarked on in the earnings quality section. As such, in conclusion, I would avoid investing in either of these companies based on the current falls in their earnings and the concerns about the wider performance of the US economy (Emerging Markets Monitor, 2008). However, if I were forced to choose between the two companies I would choose to invest in Lowe’s. This is because Lowe’s has shown itself to have better quality earnings, higher margins and lower debt ratios that Home Depot. As such, Lowe’s looks better placed to withstand any earnings shocks or economic issues in the US market and provide sustained long term value. In addition, Lowe’s is not carrying any goodwill or trade receivables on its balance sheet, which makes it less vulnerable to defaults from its debtors and enforced goodwill writedowns. References Allen, F. and Carletti, E. (2006) Mark-to-Market Accounting and Liquidity Pricing. Working Papers Financial Institutions Center at The Wharton School; Preceding p. 1-31. Bao, B. H. and Bao, D. H. (2004) Income Smoothing, Earnings Quality and Firm Valuation. Journal of Business Finance Accounting; Vol. 31, Issue 9/10, p. 1525-1557. Bodenhorn, D. (1984) Balance Sheet Items As The Present Value Of Future Cash Flows. Journal of Business Finance Accounting; Vol. 11, Issue 4, p. 493-510. Bruns, Jr., W. J. and Harmeling, S. S. (1991) LIFO or FIFO? That Is the Question. Harvard Business School Cases; p. 1. Emerging Markets Monitor (2008) US: A Recession In All But Name. Datamonitor Emerging Markets Monitor; Vol. 14, Issue 5, p. 1-2. Higgins, R. C. (1997) Analysis for Financial Management: 5th Edition. Irwin / McGraw Hill. Kohlbeck, M. (2004) Investor Valuations and Measuring Bank Intangible Assets. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance; Vol. 19, Issue 1, p. 29-60. Miller, P. B. W. and Bahnson, P. R. (2007a) Pension Accounting. Journal of Accountancy; Vol. 203, Issue 5, p. 36-42. Miller, P. B. W. and Bahnson, P. R. (2007b) Refining Fair Value Measurement. Journal of Accountancy; Vol. 204, Issue 5, p. 30-36. Quick, C. (2002) Can You See The Value? Accountancy; Vol. 130, Issue 1308, p. 47-48. Richardson, S. (2003) Earnings Quality and Short Sellers. Accounting Horizons; 2003 Supplement, Vol. 17, p. 49-61. Shareholder.com (2008) Lowe’s Investor Relations. http://www.shareholder.com/lowes/edgar.cfm?DocType=AnnualYear= Accessed 15th June 2008. SEC (2008) Home Depot Incorporated: HD. http://secure.secfilings.com/company/checkout.php?step=2_offer_id=1CIK=354950fid=50002 Accessed 15th June 2008. Appendix Ratio Analysis (Higgins, 1997) RatioCalculation methodLowe’sHome Depot Current RatioCurrent Assets1.121.15 Current Liabilities Quick RatioCash + S/T Inv + Receivables0.070.14 Current Liabilities Operating Cash FlowCash Flows from Operations0.560.45 Current Liabilities Inventory TurnoverCost of Goods Sold / Inventory4.154.38 Receivables Turnover Sales / Accounts ReceivablesN/A61.44 Payables TurnoverSales / Accounts Payables13.0014.40 Fixed Asset TurnoverSales / Fixed Assets2.172.61 Total Asset TurnoverSales / Total Assets1.561.75 Debt to EquityTotal Liabilities0.921.50 Shareholders’ Equity Debt RatioTotal Liabilities / Total Assets0.480.60 Interest CoverageProfit before income and tax63.9710.41 Interest Expense Gross Margin(Sales – COGS) / Sales34.64%33.61% Return on SalesNet Income / Sales5.82%5.68% Return on AssetsNet Income / Total Assets9.10%9.92%

Efficiency and Web Page Design :: Internet Cyberspace Essays

Efficiency and Web Page Design One of the biggest challenges for web designers today is trying to have a ‘killer app’, yet make it efficient enough for the common surfer. We’re talking about file size. Zona Research (June 1999) reported that 70% of online users were only connected at 56K or less. Granted this number may have decreased a bit in the last 16 months, but the fact is, most people have a slow connection. As a surfer browses through the numerous sites on the web, they want to see the information the site has to offer. Some studies indicate that if you page takes longer than eight seconds for something to start appearing, you will probably lose your visitors. You need to be able to deliver your pages and information in a neat yet efficient manner. There are several factors that cause your visitors to have slow downloads. One might be the network or connection speed they have. They may also have poor performing hardware. Not much you can do about these. Maybe it is your server, it could be upgraded; but more than likely it has to do with your files. The size of the files can be caused by large images, or it may just have inefficient code. In order to decrease the download time we will first look at the code and find ways to make the files more ‘lean’; we want to ‘trim the fat’ and get them in the best condition possible. Next we will look at graphics and ways we can optimize them for maximum performance and minimal download time. Finally there are numerous other hints and tricks that can be added to your code to make them download in record times. Making ‘mean’ and ‘lean’ code Every character and space that appears in your code takes up file size The following suggestions can help you to trim up your files and cut second off your site downloads. Make your file names and directory names simple and short. This may sound trivial, but every little bit counts. For example: or Use relative addressing instead of absolute addressing.

Has Feminism Benefited the American Society? :: Gender Roles, Womens Right

Feminism has transferred an impact on the American society. Some of the benefits include restructured views on careers, schooling, and privileges women obtain. The women’s movement was the main triumphant movement of the 1960s and 1970s (Epstein 125). However, without the victory of the movement nothing would be the same as it is these days. In conclusion, women vision themselves differently now then what they did thirty years ago (Epstein 125). For instance, women pursue infinite amounts of career options that they would have been deprived of in the past. For example, in 2008, Governor Sarah Palin was running as Senator John McCain’s vice presidential candidate (Baxter Paragraph 1). Because of the women’s movement, women like Sarah Palin strive to make the most of it. Possibly someday, in the future, the president could be a female. Women make up four-teen percent of the active duty military force (Velasquez 7).Without that four-teen percent the armed forces could be outnumbered. Women worked their way up to being able to shield their county in a benefitting way. On the other hand, there are more women applying for positions in medical schools all across the country (Chambers Paragraph 1). Any career can be possessed by women these days. In other words, the movement allowed men and women the option to follow their career preferences. Without the women’s movement, women would have been deprived of a prosperous future in a fascinating profession of their choosing. Additionally, over the years women have progressed in their educational studies. For instance, women currently make up fifty-seven percent of all college students (Marklein Paragraph 2). This proves that women are competent of succeeding and accomplishing more than men. As a result, women have gained the freedom to be able to strive for a degree and be able to be independent. Almost one in four women earns a bachelor’s degree compared to one in seven men (Hechinger Paragraph 2). Women have traveled along way from not even being able to attempt working for an education. Without working women America would have a hard time advancing and keeping up with work demands. Besides, women compromise forty-six percent of the total United States labor force (Perkins 1).This is a testament that women are no longer being discriminated against in any aspect of life.

Health and social care Unit 4 P2 Essay

The development of individuals can be affected by a number of life factors which include genetic, biological, environmental, socio economic and lifestyle factors. All these life factors have a large variety of influences which will affect individuals and how they develop through the life stages. The first life factor is the genetics of an individual, a genetic influence which could affect the development of someone could be the predisposition to a particular disease such as Down syndrome. This particular disease is a chromosomal disorder and a genetic condition that typically causes some level of learning disability and a characteristic difference in physical features. These typical difficulties which are involved with this disorder affect the everyday life of the individual. With this disorder causing some level of learning disability, this will affect the way the child develops as a young person in regards to their education. This particular condition leads to much impairment in both the cognitive ability of the individual and also the physical growth too. Individuals with Down syndrome can have many different abnormalities which can affect their general health and bodily function. People with the condition have increased risk of gaining respiratory and hearing problems and epilepsy. With all these increased risks being involved with this condition, it shows in many ways how the condition can affect how individuals develop throughout their life. Their childhood will be difficult due to the teaching they will have, this will therefore affect their adulthood as they won’t have the same life knowledge as other adults. Their adolescence will be different and more difficult for them as they won’t have the same life as a teenager would in regards to developing the relationship side of life and beginning to explore their body in ways young adults do as changes begin. The long term outlook for an individual with Down syndrome is seen unlikely to be long. This particular condition is seen to slow the individual down and the health problems along with the condition jeopardize their life. This therefore affects the  development through the older adulthood life stage as they may not get to this age to experience this. The next life factor is biological influences that can affect the overall development of an individual as they go through all their life stages. Foetal alcohol syndrome is a biologic condition which can affect the development of a person from the minute they are conceived within the womb. This particular syndrome is a pattern of mental and physical defects that can develop a fetus in association with high levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. This particular condition can stunt the fetal growth or their weight which therefore affects the development of a child into adulthood as they have a stunt of growth. The consumption of alcohol whilst pregnant can damage neurons and the brain structures of the fetus. This therefore affects how the infant develops once born and can reduce the time it takes for the child to learn how to walk and talk. Fetal alcohol syndrome can create a collection of primary cognitive and functional disabilities, some of these including poor memory, attention deficits and impulsive behaviour. These disabilities can affect the childhood development as the schooling of the individual can become increasingly difficult and take longer, and as a result of trouble with learning at a young age it can affect the way the development throughout the other life stages occurs. As well as the disabilities that can occur above, there are secondary disabilities which can affect the development of a person. Examples of these are mental health problems and drug and alcohol addiction which can affect the development of adulthood as you don’t get to experience having a family and relationships as drug and alcohol addiction will affect the way you live and also your bodily functions which may decrease the chances of having a family. The appearance of you may also affect your older adulthood as the misuse of alcohol and drugs during your life can make you look older than you and also the long term illnesses may affect your chances of living longer. Access to employment and income is a potential influence of an environmental factor which can affect the development of people. Individuals who do not have enough income to look after themselves let alone their children still  insist on having children. This however is a downfall in today’s society as it leaves an increased possibility for difficulty in family life. No employment leads to no income in a family home, this can affect the way an infant is brought up in regards to being looked after and being fed. It may also lead to infants being put in care as parents can’t look after them properly and ably which already leaves room for the development of the child to be decreased due to them not having the care from their own parents at a young age. No employment or income can also affect childhood as this is the start of education, with no income families can’t afford to send their child to school and pay for their lunches or their essentials they may need for educational purposes. With no income it can also affect the way the child is treated at school, they may become a bullied individual as they may not have what other children may have. Adults who live a life with no employment and income can result in depression; this then leads to poor mental health and low self esteem which is the belief that you are inferior to others. Depression and stress can cause a poor diet and also for individuals not to take care of themselves like they should which will result in a lower expectancy of life for older adulthood. Another life factor is socio economic which could include the education of people. Individuals with few or no qualifications which they should have attained at childhood and adolescence from going to school and higher education are more likely to be unemployed or employed in low paid work. It is said that the education of individuals at childhood depends on the family they grow up in. As families with higher incomes than average usually get better paid jobs than those who live in families with low incomes. It also depends on the encouragement you get as a child and adolescence to whether you do well in education. Peer pressure is also a tough thing to overcome at adolescence which can interfere with the grades you attain within education. Those who don’t get the qualifications they want usually find adulthood to be difficult as they don’t have the income they would like for them to have a nice house and big family. This links in with no income or employment and again results in the likelihood of older adulthood to be lower in life expectancy due to not being able to afford a healthy lifestyle due to the failing of not attaining the qualifications within education. Lastly is the lifestyle of an individual which can affect the development of them throughout their life stages. A particular lifestyle influence could be nutrition and dietary choices individuals all make. Many people may choose to eat a diet that includes unhealthy fatty, salty or sugary foods. Other people may eat unhealthy foods because of convenience and cost. People with low income will find it harder to travel to supermarkets and stock up on cheaper food. Low income may also push people to choose an unhealthy diet because it can be harder and more expensive to choose a healthy one. This however will cause problems for individuals in the long run. If families have a poor income and therefore don’t choose a healthy diet for their families it results in children having poor diets which can affect the growth development of them as individuals. But also affect the brain and how it functions which can affect the child’s education. Other families might choose to give their children what they need in regards to nutrition and dietary choices, but not themselves which can cause people becoming obese and therefore affecting their lifestyle and development. If people become obese they usually become lazy and therefore don’t keep healthy and fit, this can affect the lifestyle of older adulthood as unfit and unhealthy elderly people can result in younger life expectancy as illnesses might take over elderly individuals. Overall it is clearly seen that there are many life factors that can influence the development of individuals and also the life expectancy of these individuals also. This is why it is important to have healthy lifestyles and to do the best you can throughout life to get the best out of it.